Millions of people are satisfied with this service, update every day. Over conifer species and varieties and cultivars - all those known to be in cultivation - are described in this reference work, a companion to the same author's 3-volume Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs.
The European Garden Flora is the definitive manual for the accurate identification of cultivated ornamental flowering plants. A number of cultivars of L. The leaves are glaborous i. Leaves are long and cm wide, leathery or papery with the base rounded or sometimes attenuate and the apex acute to acuminate or sometimes obtuse.
Leaves have between 4 to 11 primary veins on each side of the mid-vein, slightly raised or obscure. Flowers are sessile or nearly so with four white or cream petals calyx 1. Flowers have a sickly sweet fragrance. Flowers have two stamens approaching the apex of corolla lobes with anthers of It has been introduced around the world for its ornamental purposes and use in hedges.
It has since naturalized in a number of countries and there are records of this species on all continents except Antarctica. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Records suggest that it was introduced into Australia as an ornamental in the nineteenth century and rapidly naturalized in the s Swarbrick et al. It was introduced into Argentina in Aguirre-Acosta et al. This species is readily available from nurseries, as such, most introductions are intentional. However it can be also found in tropical and temperate areas. It is found in a wide range of habits such as open woodlands, grasslands, waste areas, in and around rainforests, waste areas, disturbed areas, alongside waterways and coastal cliffs PIER, ; Queensland Government, In New South Wales, Australia, it is invasive in rainforests, gullies and creek banks and in north-eastern and southern Victoria it is a problem in grasslands, woodlands and areas of riparian vegetation Queensland Government, In New Zealand it is present in waste places, coastal cliffs and in gardnes Webb et al.
In Argentina, Pyracantha angustifolia shows a nurse-plant effect on L. Condalia montana and other spiny shrubs also facilitate L. Fruit production can vary largely between years depending on climate conditions and masting Westoby et al. Flowering in L. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects PFAF, Both sexual and vegetative strategies have been seen in the native and introduced ranges. For instance, Lichstein et al. Stem cuttings also stimulate re-growth under a wide range of light availability Swarbrick et al.
In the northern hemisphere it flowers between April and June, while fruits can remain until late winter Nesom, ; Flora of China Editorial Committee, Germination in L. Germination of seeds is completed after 42 days Burrows and Kohen, Plants of L. However, reaching senescence the tree produces suckers around the base which ultimately will result in new growth and new individuals Swarbrick et al.
In its native range, L. It prefers warm and humid environments to mm rainfall in sub-tropical and temperate regions van Oosterhout et al. It is not very demanding in terms of soil conditions as it can grow well both in sand or clay soils. Very poor sandstone soils might reduce its performance whilst high phosphorous levels can increase its growth Swarbrick et al.
It prefers moderate to high levels of moisture throughout the year. Although it can establish well in temporally wet soils with partial defoliation during dry season, the species will perform better in areas with significantly higher rainfall or runoff than average Swarbrick et al. It has higher establishment success with some canopy cover due to enhanced dispersal i.
Although seedlings can survive under dense shade, they will require forest gaps or low density forest to grow and outcompete rest of species Swarbrick et al.
In general, initial establishment of L. The leaves of Ligustrum species are high in phenolic compounds that defend against herbivores, especially insects.
The compounds work by inhibiting digestive enzymes and proteins Batcher, A literature review suggested that there were up to 99 different invertebrates attacking species of Ligustrum McGregor, Both sheep and cattle graze on the foliage of Ligustrum species, but in large amounts it can be poisonous Swarbrick et al.
According to Farr and Rossman there are a total of 58 fungal-plant associations recorded from both the native and introduced ranges. Seeds of L. When reaching senescence L. In Australia and Argentina, birds have been observed dispersing seeds of L. In Argentina, L. Seed dispersal by birds from gardens to secondary forests or abandoned land is the most common way of introduction Gavier-Pizarro et al. Ants have also been identified as a potential secondary dispersal vector of seeds in Argentina; ants dispose the seed without the pulp, probably enhancing germination rates Ferreras et al.
Despite the naturalization of the species in many areas, it is still a commercial species in Europe and the USA. In Australia and New Zealand, L. However, evidence of such problems is not clear Swarbrick et al. Several species of Ligustrum have been reported as a reservoir for pests in tropical and temperate crops McGregor, ; Coombs, The flowers of Ligustrum species also attract a wide range of pollinators which may reduce pollination of important crops such as kiwifruit McGregor, Furthermore, honey from such flowers might have a strong smell due to trimethylamine in the nectar.
This distinct feature can affect the quality of honey and have an impact on beekeepers activity Swarbrick et al. As a result of its rapid growth, ability to produce a large number of seed and ability to regenerate vegetatively, L.
These thickets can outcompete native species by reducing the light availability and competing for resources Swarbrick et al. Other potential consequences of L. In Argentina, these habitat changes can derive in extremely low regeneration of native plant species and a biodiversity reduction across all taxa Hoyos et al. Similarly in Australia and New Zealand, L. In Argentina L. On the other hand the prolific nature of L. This is particularly relevant in forests in northern Argentina where the fruiting season is coupled with lower availability of native fruits Montaldo, ; Aguirre-Acosta et al.
Pollen from L. Despite being insect pollinated, L. Due to its fast growth and wide tolerance to environmental conditions, L. The fruit Nuzhenzi is commonly used in the traditional Chinese medicine as a kidney tonic Lin et al. They are also used to cure fatigue and treat dropsy Wiart, The anti-inflammatory properties and the inhibition of certain tumours from fruit extracts has been confirmed in rodents An et al.
In addition to this, the leaves are used to heal abscesses, cold, congestions and headaches Wiart, For example, L. It can be also confused with L. The leaves of L. It may be difficult to separate Ligustrum species once they escape into the wild, as identification depends on flowers. Due to the variable regulations around de registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control.
Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. It is illegal to sell or plant L. Due to the ability to re-sprout, cutting and leaving the stumps of L.
However, manual removal of small plants can be effective. Soil disturbance should be minimized to avoid further sprouting from root system van Oosterhout et al. Although fire is usually ineffective it can also be used during the dry season in combination with other methods Swarbrick et al. In Australia, dry events together with prescriptive fire have allowed partial control of this species. Fire can kill small trees and saplings while bigger trees might require further treatment.
Hot fires might also deplete the seed bank Swarbrick et al. The most common method to control L. Stem injections are suitable for large trees close to other vegetation van Oosterhout et al.
Among other chemicals, triclopyr was found to be more effective than hexazinone and glyphosate Mowatt, In general, herbicides are most effective when applied during the active growing season. Van Oosterhout et al. Aalst MM van, Seed ecology and vegetative regrowth of tree privet Ligustrum lucidum. Msc Thesis. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Reproductive performance of the invasive tree Ligustrum lucidum in a subtropical dry forest: does habitat fragmentation boost or limit invasion?
Biological Invasions, 16 7 Aiton WT, The trees were growing at an elevation of 5, feet 1, meters , just west of Nargarkot. Here they were plentiful, dominating the north-facing mountainsides along with Pinus roxburghii , Castanopsis indica , and Alnus nepalensis.
They had rounded crowns and were from twenty-three to thirty-three feet seven to ten meters tall. My final collection of schima was in Taiwan in October, Here they were abundant and tall, with some reaching one hundred feet thirty meters in height. They were growing on a steep northwest-facing mountainside with Acer serrulatum , Alnus formosana , Abies kawakamii , and Tsuga chinensis var.
Locally, the wood is used in construction; the bark serves as a fish poison. Schima at Quarryhill Botanical Garden. Photograph by Peter Clements. Of the four collections, only the first two have germinated for us at Quarryhill Botanical Garden. It is too soon to know if the final collection will germinate, as it was only sown in December, From the collection, we now have two vigorous trees, one over thirty feet ten meters tall and the other twenty-three feet seven meters tall; both are twenty feet six meters wide, after only twelve years in the ground.
Three others that were planted around the same time have succumbed to oak root fungus Armillaria mellea. All of these seedlings were planted within a few months of each other in The survivors are both in full sun on a gentle west-facing slope.
We also have one young tree started from a cutting, planted in ; it is eight feet 2. All three trees have developed as low-branching, single trunked trees and have dark green leaves, seven by two inches eighteen by five centimeters , with serrate leaf margins.
They begin flowering in September and have two large bracts enclosing the bud. From the collection, we have two plants in the garden. The first was planted in the summer of and has grown more slowly than those from the previous collection, reaching a height of only twelve feet 3. The other, begun as a cutting of the first, was planted in They are both developing into rounded shrubs, almost as wide as they are tall, with considerably smaller flowers than the trees from the collection.
Their bluish leaves are roughly half the size of those on the older plants, and they have entire margins.
They start flowering in July and have much smaller bracts surrounding the bud. All of our trees, from both collections, have taken five years to flower in our garden. Curious about the reasoning behind the lumping of all species of Schima under one name, I found several peculiar inconsistencies in the available literature. He describes three of them: S.
0コメント